Thursday, 8 March 2012

Films Analysis : Edward Scissorhands and Sweeney Todd

Synopsis of Edward Scissorhands


          Edward’s Scissorhands (1990) by Tim Burton is about a nearly complete young man named Edward who tries to have a normal life as an ordinary person. The professor who created him died before he helped Edward to change his scissorhands into a human hand. Edward then lives alone at the castle on the hill in the neighborhood. Peg, who is a sales person tries her luck at the castle and find Edward. She brings him home and catches the attention in the neighborhood. Since then, Edward’s scissorhands is so famous with his trimming skill on plants, dogs and hair. He also falls in love with Peg’s daughter, Kim. However, the neighborhood dislikes him after Edward was caught as a culprit in a robbery at James house. At last, Edward is forced to go back to his castle and continue his lonely life.

Analysis of Edward Scissorhands

Edward’s Scissorhands is one of the movies that are influenced by German Expressionism. One of the themes in this movie is self analysis. Edward is a robot that was created by a scientist and lives in the castle till he met Peg. Peg brings him back home. Edward now starts to live a normal life with his Scissorhands. He wears Bill’s clothes and look into the mirror, finding himself as a normal person like others. He helps the neighbors to trim the plants, dogs and even their hair. Later on he actually mixes around with the neighbors. He starts to discover that he can live like a regular human even though he is different from the people in the neighborhood.


Another theme for this movie is madness. We find that there are some characters that portray madness. For example, a girl who plays the organ and keeps shouting to the neighbors that Edward is not from heaven but he is actually the devil. Besides that, Edward also shows a little madness  quality in the film. After he sees Kim having a tender moment with James, he got so mad and frustrated. This was shown when he scratches the wall in the hallway to the bathroom. He faces the mirror in the bathroom and expresses his anger by scratching the wallpaper. This shows madness and the anger of Edward towards the relationship of Kim and James. This demonstrates the theme of madness because Edward has failed to control his emotion and he was not able to think rationally therefore he was throwing a tantrum and taking it out on things around him.




On the other hand, we notice some of the German Expressionism influenced styles appearing in the movie. One of the styles uses in this movie is distortion bodies and shapes. For example, in the castle, the trimmed plants appear bigger than usual. The handle of the doorknob is longer than the usual. Edward’s scissorhands is also a kind of body distortion. As an ordinary person, we use to have human hand instead of scissor hands. All these distortions clearly show the element in the film that was influenced by German Expressionism





In addition, there are some bizarre settings that embodied gothic elements as well. For example, the castle has a gothic architectural style with high ceilings, huge pillars and gargoyle as decorations at the outer and inner part of the castle. Beside the architectures, the costumes were also very gothic stylized. For example, Edward’s costume is black and has a lot of buckles. On top of that his makeup consist of a pale face with dark eye makeups and messy hair. It clearly shows the gothic style of dressing and make up. Throughout the whole movie, the music or the audio that appear in the movie is gothic influenced music which creates the mysterious and horror feel. For example, the music that played by the mad girl in her home. All these gothic elements further shows that German Expressionism did influence this film.






The settings in the film have slanted lines and curves. The attic of the castle has a slanted roof. The stair to the attic is not straight but curve up with uneven staircase surface. There is also crooked window grill in Edward’s castle. The white pathways in the neighborhood are also curvy. All these curves and crooked lines is clearly one of the characteristics of German Expressionism films as these lines were seen in The Cabinet of Dr Caligari as well.



Besides that, Chiaroscuro lighting is one of the styles in this film. Low key lighting appears when Edward is lying on Kim’s bed at night. This lighting is to create the feel that Edward is actually lonely in this foreign world. Another example is during the time Edward, James and Kim are fighting in the attic of the castle, there are many harsh shadows on their face which is the effect of the low key lighting as well. This style of lighting is the basic element that appears in German Expressionism, kind of like a requirement for films from this film movement.



The surreal setting can be found in the movie. In the town, all houses are built in the same shapes and arrange neatly along the entire road. Houses and cars are in different bright pastel colors that create a surreal feel to the audience. For example, there was a house that was painted in orange and green stripes. In the castle, there are many different trimmed huge plants. In contrast, there are also some trees with only have trunks without leaves. All these unnatural realities is also one of the styles of German Expressionism film.






Synopsis of Sweeney Todd

Benjamin Barker, a skilled barber had been falsely accuses of a crime by Judge Turpin and sent to Australia because the judge had lust after the barber’s wife – Lucy. After 15years in exile, Benjamin Barker returns to the street with his shipmate, Antony and now he named himself as “Sweeney Todd”.  After he pays his first visit to Mrs. Lovett’s meat pie shop, he discovers that his wife had been raped by the judge and has poisoned herself. His daughter, Johanna is now Turpin’s ward and Turpin lusts after Johanna and wants to marry her. Sweeney Todd opens a barber shop above Mrs. Lovett’s shop and begins his revenge against Judge Turpin and his assistant. Todd will slice the throats of the unsuspecting public while giving them a shave. He is now the owner of the famous barber shop in the town and what he needed to do is just wait for the Judge to sit on his chair and give him a slice on his throats (IMDb, 2007).

Analysis of Sweeney Todd

Tim Burton was influenced by silent films and German Expressionism for his film adaptation of the musical Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, and so he describes the film as a "silent film with music".

The theme of revolt is one of the significant elements in German Expressionism film. In this film, he places the main character as an anti-hero that kills for revenge in a way that is not always justifiable by the audience. The way the character of Benjamin Barker is presented also has major influence as he is placed as an anti-hero who goes against the conventional way of a main character. German expressionism strongly emphasize on this way to bring out the main character throughout the entire film. Example of revolt from the film is Benjamin Barker had been falsely charged and banished by who had lusted after his wife. After 15 years, Barker begins his revenge (EdronFilm, 2009)He comes back to the city to find Judge Turpin and wait for a great opportunity to end his life. The whole story revolves around this purpose which goes to show that Benjamin is not afraid of the authority.



The theme of self-analysis is also found in German expressionism film. It is an important theme to set the story of a film. Most of the time, self-analysis can be noticed only after some time in the film by self-questioning or self-identifying in order to figure a new identity and it gives clue to audiences about something that is going to happen. In Sweeney Todd, Benjamin Barker named himself Sweeney Todd to hide his past identity to begin his revenge. After he killed Pirelli who threatened to reveal Barker’s real identity, the story developed. He no longer only seeks for revenge but start to become a serial killer order to have sufficient meat for Mrs. Lovetts pie shop to run her business of meat pie. Killing becomes important to him. This is shown through the way he changes his attitude as he starts to kill not just as part as his revenge but for the sake of it (EdronFilm, 2009).

The theme of madness contributes in making German Expressionism film too. The plots and stories often dealt with madness and insanity. Therefore, it becomes a formula of sort for Expressionist to make film. As seen in the film, Tim Burton applied this theme and the plots develops within this theme. From the Sweeney Todd movie itself, audience can see that the main character, Benjamin Barker/Sweeney Todd, constantly has thoughts of killing people with his blade. He constantly waits for an opportunity to kill Judge Turpin. He feels frustrated when he is unable to kill Turpin who visits his barber shop due to the sudden appearance of Anthony. Barker later becomes a mad man who kills people for the sake of killing.

As for the theme primitive savagery, the movie Sweeney Todd is influenced by this theme as well. In the film, Mrs Lovett mentions that her competitor’s pie is made of cat’s meat. Eating cat’s meat seems a little primitive in practice. Also, as the story proceed, Mrs Lovett ended up making pie using human’s meat. That shows the theme of primitive savagery. Also, this is backed up by the violent way Benjamin Barker kills his victims.




There are some film techniques that have been used in this film which was influenced by the German Expressionism. One of these techniques is the usage of oblique camera angle which means the camera is tilted or slanted in certain ways during the shoot. In other word, it simply means that the camera is not placed horizontal to the floor level. The use of this technique in a film is to suggest imbalance, transition, and instability. In addition, it is usually used to suggest the point of view of a particular character which mean the camera becomes the ‘eyes’ of the character, seeing what they see. Oblique shot is often used in horror movies and usually is a hand held shot (Mediaknowall, n.d.). The most obvious scene which used this technique is during the beginning of the film where after Benjamin Baker get down from the ship and started walking in to the London Street. In this particular scene, the camera starts to move along the street obliquely to show the view of the London Street until he reaches Mrs. Lovett’s shop. This camera technique is actually to show the imbalance of the London city where this place is actually full with corruption. Therefore, this resulted in certain people in the city becoming rich and they can dress up nicely while certain people becomes poorer and they need to beg on the street or work hard to earn some money for a living. This camera technique also enhances the description of Benjamin Baker toward London where he claim that London is a terrible place, living with many bad guys and most importantly, the guys that he wanted to revenge on is in London.

           Meanwhile, we also can notices the element of distorted bodies and shapes used in the film. Distortion shapes and bodies means it deforms the shapes and bodies as whole. As we can see through the scene in the barber shop where Benjamin Baker is feeling impatient when  Beadle does not show up in his shop after a few days as he wants to kill him, at the same time, Mrs. Lovett tries to calm him down and ask him be patient. In this scene, there is a shot where Benjamin was facing himself in front of a broken mirror and his facial expression was distorted on the mirror. The distorted face on the mirror actually enhanced the emotion of anger and impatient of Benjamin Baker.



Other than that, the film also shows the usage of chiaroscuro lighting which is one of the main elements in the German expressionism’s film. Majority part of the film is in muted color as well. Low-key lighting was always used to show the conflict, mysterious part of the characters. The lighting also created the atmosphere of hopeless, horror and scary.  (HubPages, 2009). One of the examples is the scene when Sweeney Todd pays his first visit to Mrs. Lovett, who sells meat pies in the shop where is below his old apartment.  In that scene, the lighting is created to become a mysterious atmosphere especially in the scene where Mrs. Lovett slowly revealing who Sweeney used to be and what happened to him in the pass. At the same time, we can also observe that the face of Sweeney is heavily covered by shadows and the shop was lit in low lighting. Besides that, in the scene when the old lady (Lucy) is outside the pie shop and tries to stop the people from visiting the pie shop, harsh lighting is applied too. It’s used to show that there is some horrifying thing happening in the shop, and we can hardly see the old ladies’ face. The scene when Anthony is walking on the street after he know that Johanna is sent to an asylum, low-key lighting is also used and we can hardly see his faces, its shows his sadness and how disappointed he is.



Besides that, there are also bizarre settings that are gothic in nature appearing in the film as well. Its setting is in London but the buildings and city are dull and dark rather than bright and cheerful city. German Expressionism inspires Tim Burton and he fully expressed the influences in the film Sweeney Todd. He used the combination of shooting in real locations but at the same time, there are some painted and hand-made backdrops and sets as well. The setting or backdrop of the city used a lot of gothic elements such as heavily painted shadows, in order to create the dull and dark atmosphere. (EdronFilm, 2009) In the beginning of the film, there is a scene when Sweeney Todd arrives in London, the camera then flies through the gloomy streets, stop and pause in some buildings and show the clusters of drunks and prostitutes.  It is clearly showing that the London is in dank lanes, dripping, rat-infested sewers and sombre shadows It brings us into Sweeney’s world which has no color and hopeless. (FilmFreakCentral, 2007)Besides that, the only living colour in the film is the colour blood which is red in colour. The structure of the building and city in the film we can rarely find it in our real life surroundings. Other than that, the structure of Judge Turpin’s house also look unnatural where there are statues of gargoyles-like creature on the pillars outside of his house, this strongly brings out the gothic elements.


There are some scenes that are considered surreal in the film. In the film, there is almost no sunlight, except for the scene where Mrs. Lovett’s imagines her future with Sweeney Todd and Toby.  Besides that, no one notices that Mrs Lovett’s pies are human meat pies. Also, the entire missing person victimized by Sweeney Todd. These are the examples for unnatural content in the film.




Conclusion


To sum up, German Expressionism indeed has influenced a lot of different film makers such as Tim Burton. Most of the current directors has modified and incorporate the influence of German Expressionism to form their own style of film making. Without a doubt that both films mentioned above does have influences from the German Expressionism movement. Both films clearly shows the styles and characteristics of German Expressionism. We think that Tim Burton is really good in using the influences from German Expressionism in his film to enhance the narration and bring out the essence of the story that he was trying to tell. Finally, through the researches and analysis on German Expressionism, we have come to like and appreciate this film movement a lot more. We enjoyed the influences of this movement  has on modern day films and we look forward to more film influenced by German Expressionism such as Tim Burton's upcoming film, Dark Shadows.

Brief Overlook of German Expressionism

To discuss German Expressionism, we can break it down to 3 components which is its theme, narrative, characteristic and also its style. We will begin the discussion with the German Expressionism theme.


History
German Expressionist film movement started after World War I. Germany undergoes severe social, political and economic dislocation after being defeated in the war. This has created a great chaos in Germany. The people were not satisfied with the changes and went against the authority. Therefore, film produced at that time had the theme of revolt.

When Germany entered World War I many of the expressionists had voluntarily enlisted into the armed forces anxious to experience the affects of war first hand believing that it would greatly influence their artistic ambitions (McLaughlin, n.d.). Paintings after the service showed self-analysis of the expressionists. When it transforms into film, the theme of self-analysis is still in practice.

The horror of World War I left the people of Germany in a state of desperate poverty and psychologically scarred. Because of this, filmmakers make films that dealt with madness and other dark theme in a highly stylized and symbolic way (Mensing, 2009).

After World War I, social classes started to divide the people in Germany. It seems like a modernist movement, yet it looks at the psychological effects of the new age of technology on individuals. People in the country at that time faced sexual and emotional uncertainty (Hayward, 2006). Hence, film produced that time reflects the theme of primitive sexual savagery.


Narrative
Moving on to narratives, a narratives meaning is created by establishing something that is a part of a whole story and usually it is the cause of something else. It is usually combined with human actions or events that affect human beings. The meaning of each event is produced by the part it plays in the whole episode (Steve, n.d.).

As for German Expressionist film, it often has stories within a larger narrative. Expressionist often set the films in the past or in exotic environment and its film, too, involved the elements of fantasy or horror genre. Furthermore, Expressionist used the narrative to convey characters subjectivity such as the narrative convention of self-contained stories and emphasize on fantasy. For instance, the Tartuffe (1926) presented the narrative of self-contained stories in the film, whereas, the film of Wachsfigurenkabinett (1924) have had the element of fantasy in the movie.

Furthermore, German Expressionism is considered as an early horror as it encompassed certain plot conventions of horror genre. For the movies nowadays, the conventions of horror genre are used and re-used in the film. For example, evil doctor / scientist who commits murder by manipulating a ‘monster’ whom he controls, Metropolis (1927), mysterious freakish creatures that come to town bringing terror monster falls in love with beautiful girl, Nosferatu (1922) and angry townspeople chase monster from their community (Scribd, n.d.).


Characteristics
The characteristics of German Expressionist film are quite distinctive. German-Expressionist films in general deals with a lot of chaos and sometimes anger due to the loss of Germany in the WWI. One can also notice that it deals with the sense of depression resulted from the destruction they had suffered after the war.


The story of German-Expressionist films often deals with the ongoing of the underworld. The message of the film is often brought out by symbolic elements and depends highly on the atmosphere in the film. German-Expressionism goes on to influence a lot of other genres such as horror and noir films.

Stylized Distortion and Bizarre Shot Composition

The most noticeable characteristic in German-Expressionist film is that they always have fantastic narrative, stylized distortion and also bizarre shot composition. “The angular performances, heavy makeup and distorted settings characteristic of German Expressionist cinema conveyed an ominous, supernatural atmosphere” (Bordwell, 2008). German-Expressionist film has the Oneiric quality which shows a dreamlike mood in the film but the dream is in the form of a nightmare. This form of influence is later seen in a lot of American films especially in film noir detective drama and horror films.


Character's Perspective


The perspective of the story in German-Expressionist film normally focuses only on one of the characters in the film. This means that the audience will experience the perspective of only one character. It is common for this kind of film to have a scene when you can tell that there is danger approaching, an influence often seen in horror films. The film often has disturbing and unsettling depiction of injury or even death.

The main character of the film is normally evil and not heroic. Certain characters in the film have unnatural qualities due to makeup or editing. This causes the characters to appear unapproachable to the audience and makes it hard for the audience to feel sympathy for the character. The settings for its stories are often in the city. The sets are often bizarre. The architectural structure is often visually skewed.

Chiaroscuro lighting


When studying German Expressionism, one can notice the style through some of the special film techniques shown in films influenced by German Expressionism. Chiaroscuro lighting style is often used in German Expressionist film. Chiaroscuro is the arrangement of lights in dim condition that creates a lot of hard shadows. This form of lighting is able to portray the idea of violence, horror and suspend which enhance the narrative of the film.

Madness


In German Expressionism films, character movements and incidents happened are presented in madness form. Character(s) are often portrayed as an insane person. From the beginning to the ending of the film, mise-en-scene of the film is stylized as if it was the point of view of a madman.

Slanting lines and curves


Settings in German Expressionism film uses lots of slanting lines and curves. This is named as Expressionism Und Film (Lindsey, n.d.). Those slanting lines and curves are metaphysical, meaning there are no special meanings to them. Stylizations of the characters that refer to characters’ physical body movement and facial expressions are designed to blend with the curving lines in the scene.  This helps in creating a depth of setting in emotion of character and space where the “Background comes to the Foreground” and vice versa.

Anthropomorphism (animating object) 


Other special film technique of German Expressionism films is anthropomorphism (animating object) (Lindsey, n.d.). In German language, objects are given life. The objects share the same adjectives and verbs with human beings. In film, non-living things are attributed to human characteristics. For example, Alice in Wonderland by Tim Burton give lives to Poker cards, talking cat (Caterpillar) and talking frog (Frog-Footman).

Visual Distortion
There could be a selective distortion in a creative way in the surroundings of characters that shows the complexity of the character. The audiences are able to feel the characters’ depth through the manipulation of the surroundings. For example, in Dr. Calligari; the vision of the prison-cell with its verticals narrowing as they rise like arrow-heads towards the high heavens, while the oppressive effect is heightened by these vertical being extended along the floor where the chained prisoner sits in his own Hell. The rhomboid window is a mockery of his freedom, in its most expressive expression (Lindsey, n.d.).

Doppelganger
Characters in German Expressionism films will create a doppelganger (Lindsey, n.d.), which later become independent and act against the creator. The mirror image can be shadow or personality traits. For example, in the film “Dark City” by Alex Proyas, the Strangers wanted to extract memories from John Murdoch but failed. At the same time, John adapted their super power and fought against them. They unintentionally create the same image of them whom had defeated them in the end of the film.


The journey of German Expressionism from art cinema to the Hollywood mainstream began with the exile and expulsion of many film producers, directors, writers, actors, and music composers from Germany in January 1933. In the year of 1940s, film noir (new film genre) gave tangible expression to the psychic confusion. Film noir received it’s named from French film critics and was heavily influenced by German expressionist film making techniques (Digital Film Archive, n.d.). 


Influence of German Expressionism
A direct connection between the crime films of the German Expressionist cinema and the American private eye movie is made in the work of Fritz Lang, a German director. He brought the dark vision of criminality of his Expressionistic classics to Hollywood and later became one of the most prolific directors of the noir genre. His impressive films include The Woman in the Window, Scarlet Street, The Big Heat, The Blue Gardenia, The Secret beyond the Door, While the City Sleeps and Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (Digital Film Archive, n.d.). 


In film noir, Expressionism found a worthy subject in the archetypal American antihero, the visual style of film noir conveys the dominant mood through expressive use of darkness. Character in exterior and interior settings overwhelms the shadows and claustrophobic compositions in predominantly underlit and night time scenes. Characters are given little opportunity to orientate themselves to the threatening and shifting shadowy environment. Silhouettes, shadows, mirrors and reflections indicate lack of both unity and control (Digital Film Archive, n.d.).


The story lines of German expressionist films matched the visuals in terms of darkness and disillusionment. The films' dramatic effects produced motifs of claustrophobia and paranoia. It is often somber in mood and featuring characters from a corrupt underworld of crime.


Many modern films demonstrate the influence of German expressionism, especially horror films. The style of German expressionism is ideal for portraying macabre subject matters. Devices such as low key lighting are used to convey mystery, and monsters lurking in shadows. Distortion is also commonly used in German expressionism. Through make-up, camera angles, costumes and strange backdrops, distortion comes into the later horror films too (Strozykowski, 2008).


Beside this, according Starfield (2006), said that the influence of the German Expression can be clearly seen in some of the Disney movies. We noticed that they tried applying German Expressionism influence into their movies. One of the influences that we have noted is that Disney animators consult the expressionist sketches for the 1992 animated film, Aladdin.  The influences are shown as there are some characters with pointed beards, exaggerated heavy eyebrows and moustaches. These influences can be clearly seen in the villainous character. We know that Disney films owe a direct or indirect debt to German expressionist cinema as Disney favours the German illustrator of Grimm’s Fairy tales, Ludwig Richter, and Heinrich Kley whose elephant drawings influenced Dumbo (1941).


Influence of German Expressionism in Tim Burton
When the filmmakers are discussing about German Expressionism nowadays, first director that comes to their mind will be Tim Burton. Timothy William Burton or better known as Tim Burton is a very famous American film director, producer, animator and scriptwriter who produced a lot of dark and quirky-themed movies. His films are strongly influenced by the German Expressionist. Since 1984, he had directed and produced over 14 films which containing similar aspects and styles which includes Edward Scissorhands, The Nightmare before Christmas, Batman, Batman Returns, Alice in Wonderland, Beetlejuice and others. He has advanced the tradition of Dark Gothic Art by applying it into mainstream film production and gain a lot of attention from the public (Chambers, 2007).


Gothic Art was originally found in a lot of religious building, castles and city buildings. During 20th century, it gains another attribute through the lighting of the sets. Harsh contrasts, long drawn elements, shadows and cold forms are necessary for the set. The effect of the shadows in the set give the dark element of the Gothic form and it had also evoked the feelings of terror without actually showing something which is horrific. Dark Gothic Art applied to film, is an important part of the Expressionist form. In modern day films, the true idea of Gothic art no longer exists as a whole. Films of today that took the place of Gothic works are of those of horror, gore, and violence (Chambers, 2007).


Although each of Burton’s films has a totally different storyline but there is a consistency in all his work which is harsh lighting, muted colour, period-design costumes, mono-chromatic set designs and a surrealistic overtone to each film. Many of his sets are artesian and have the appearance of a human touch. Below are some of the films which are influenced by the elements of German Expressionism and dark gothic art by Tim Burton.


In later post, we are going to analyse two films by Tim Burton which have influence of German Expressionism. The films are Edward Scissorhands (1990) and Sweeny Todd (2008).


Film List
Old film
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
Genuine: A Tale of the Vampire 
The Golem: How He Came Into the World
The Head of Janus
Hypnose
Nosferatu
Phantom
Metropolis
The Haunted Castle
Pandora’s Box 


Contemporary films
Dark City
Careful
Max
Psycho, The Lodger
Robocop
The Last Laugh
Aladdin
Pirates of The Carribbean
The Haunted Mansion
Alice in the Wonderland
Peter Pan & Wendy
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of the Fleet Street
Edward Scissorhands
The Crow
Blade Runner


References
Bordwell, David, and Kristin Thompson. FILM ART: An Introduction. 8th ed. New York:   
             McGraw-Hill, 2008. Print. Pages 449


Chambers. R (2007) Tim Burton’s Advancement of Dark Gothic Art. Retrieved March 2,   2012  

Digital Film Archive. ( n.d ). Film Lesson Plan : MIA As Classic Hollywood Style.
Retrieved March 1, 2012, from     

EdronFilm. (2009). Tim Burton's use of Expressionism in Sweeney Todd. Retrieved

FilmFreakCentral. (2007). Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street.Retrieved
Hayward, S. (2006). Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (Routledge Key Guides).  Abingdon,    
            Oxford, UK: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.

HubPages. (2009). Why We Love Tim Burton? Retrieved March 1, 2012, from
             
http://maddartist.hubpages.com/hub/Why-We-Love-Tim-Burton

IMDb. (2007). Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. Retrieved March

Lindsey, W. (n.d.). German Expressionism Film Techniques. Retrieved March 4, 2012, from 
            http://filmdirectors.co/german-expressionism-film-techniques/

McLaughlin, N. (n.d.). German Expressionism 1910 to 1940’s Germany. Retrieved 4

Mediaknowall. (n.d.). Camera Angles. Retrieved March 1,2012, from

Mensing, C. (2009). Film history: German expressionism. Retrieved 4 March, 2012 from 
            http://www.helium.com/items/1562986-german-expressionism-film

Scribd. (n.d.). German Expressionism. Retrieved March 4, 2012, from

Starfield. P. (2006). Film and Art: On the German Expressionist and the Disney     Exhibitions.          
            Retrieved March 1, 2012 from http://transatlantica.revues.org/1192#quotation

Steve, D. (n.d.). Steve Denning. Retrieved March 4, 2012, from         

Strozykowski. M (2008). Info on German Expressionist Films. Retrieved March 1, 2012,